Iron and silk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Iron and silk - Essay Example In the book, a few times, individuals apply authority over him in a way he finds baffling. This article tries to address a few issues brought by Salzam up in his book Iron and Silk, for example, individuals disappointing him and others through applying authority over them in a ruthless manner. One episode was the point at which he slaughtered an enormous rodent during an exercise out of unadulterated reflexes. An understudy recommends that he takes the rodent across to the rodent assortment focus with the goal that he can get a prize. He doesn't anyway get it as he is informed that the prize is limited to understudies murdering rodents in the quarters. Later on an understudy discloses to him that the official articulations concerning rodents is that they were not, at this point existent and that solitary inside archives that outsiders can't peruse admit to the rodent issue. Since he had executed the rodent, he was unable to be remunerated as that would infer that they admit to the nearness of rodents and they could be condemned. Typically, I have discovered individuals to do what might give off an impression of being a senseless thing so as to ensure how others think about them. It is in their tendency to need to control the data that others get about them which advises their assessments towards them, for instance how individuals cautiously select what to post on face book. In this situation, the organization would prefer to have denied the rats’ nearness to a pariah that had seen one and clearly tied their being than to admit to the open that they really war. To them, it was an instance of picking the better malicious. His limitation in this circumstance is anyway recommendable as he will not harp for long on his complaints. This they presumably did to secure their own notoriety for being an establishment. It has been contended that activities that are felt to not be right produce a need to retain information on them from others, which produces blame and antagonistic vibe. This suggests on the off chance that one has been not able to take care of a difficult well and agreeably, they feel ‘forced’ to submit another activity that

CONSTITUTION & ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CONSTITUTION and ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - Coursework Example He contends that they are for sure demonstrations of need, which the legislature acts in abrupt and outrageous crisis, particularly when it is in the open enthusiasm to do as such. This basically negates Dicey’s comprehension of the illustrious right. This is thinking about to the point that the intensity of war, which is for the most part, one of the noteworthy forces of the privilege, would in any case be a special case. The above contrasts in contention, consequently, call for reconsideration into different hypotheses so as to comprehend the criticalness of the imperial prerogative2. In Attorney General v DE Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd , Lord Parmoor said that a privilege might be normal to the rulers and the subjects; by the by, that doesn't qualifies it to be a right. Rather, he contended that Royal right methods a benefit in the official that might be of a select and an exceptional character. So also, Blackstone agrees that the right covers those activities that no individual or foundation other than the official may undertake3. Among rights mulled over in this clarification incorporate the creation of bargains and the arrangement of military. In any case, it is perceptible that the Blackstone’s contention negates the legal thinking with respect to what the privilege is. To reveal more insight into this, an assessment of the instance of R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, Ex parte Lain will be of help. For this situation, the board that was to explore and make proposal on the remuneration to casualties of brutality through ex gratia installments, was selected by the executive4. The key issue here is that the barricade was set by the official in ignored the understanding between the Judiciary and the candidate. Unmistakably the right demonstration was utilized in doing this, seemingly however, giving out cash to the survivors of brutality isn't such exceptional to merit direct activity of the official. Additionally, Wade a managerial scholar concurs with the contentions of Dicey and Blackstone though at

Vaccine Externalities

Vaccine Externalities So in my previous entry, I talked about how the Medlinks were providing free flu shots in the student center. WELL it turns out my suitemate Gabe 08 got one today, but I didnt end up getting one for myself. In 14.21J: Health Economics, a class in which I had an exam today, we recently modeled this sort of behavior. Basically, vaccines have positive externalities because I am benefitting from the fact that Gabe has the vaccine (decreased odds that Ill get sick) in a way for which I do not compensate him. Read on, grasshopper. Heres a simple derivation of the private demand curve. This curve will be what Gabe uses to decide whether he should get the vaccine or not. One potential policy implication is that we should subsidize vaccines such that at the subsidized price, the private demand curve will be at the socially optimal quantity (in this case, proportion). NOTE: Technically, my cost/supply curve (in this case, we made supply perfectly elastic) should be at P=0 since Medlinks provided the vaccine for free. My bad. You may be wondering how governments (or, in this case, universities) subsidize something that they are offering for free. What they can do is impose a fine on *not* consuming the good, but still offer the good at a price of P=0. Its a weird kind of subsidy, but it works. It takes another three pages to derive the social demand curve. This curve takes into account the positive effect that getting the vaccine has on other people. In order to reach the socially optimal proportion of people in the population who have the vaccine, each individual should use the social demand curve. However, since they dont get compensated for the positive effect they exert on others, they will underconsume the good, and a proportion lower than the social optimum will get the vaccine. (Open up the images in a new browser to see larger versions of them.) An example of a negative externality is antibiotic resistance; by consuming a certain kind of medicine, I am making others worse off because I increase the growth of mutant strains against which the medicine is no help, and I am not compensating others for this. If I had to pay others for the cost of increased likelihood of mutant strains every time I took this medicine, then it would not be an externality because I am compensating others for my consumption. In this case, using the private demand curve causes me to consume more than the social optimum.

Site Visit - 1087 Words

Site Visit Cognitive behavioral techniques are used during a counseling session in a hospital or office setting by therapist. Although I was unable to do a current Site visit to a human service department of a company to write my report, I do know from my own experience some things pertaining to programs that employ behavioral or genitive intervention and or models. In this paper I will attempt to explore some areas within a cognitive intervention such as: †¢ What population participates in the program †¢ Who presents the program †¢ How the effectiveness of the intervention is measured †¢ How do they determine a need for the program †¢ Do they have plans for other programs that use behavioral models and techniques †¢ What other†¦show more content†¦Rational-emotive therapists help people to straighten out the irrational thinking. The people presenting the program are not punishers; they help to reinforce positive behavior. The effectiveness of their intervention is measured by the therapist and is based on the knowledge of whether they see any change within the client. The change in the client has to be from negative to positive. The effectiveness is also measures by peer reviews. In the group setting that I have been involved in, while the group of clients takes a break from the group session, a group of therapist has a debriefing of their own. They evaluate any behavior progress that they may have noticed within the clients and discuss whether the process is working. Just as with any other study, the effectiveness of behavior intervention varies by the outcome of the group. â€Å"A more full understanding of the effects seen in this literature may be obtained by clos er Examination the individual studies† (Effectiveness of Behavioral Interventions to Modify Physical Activity Behaviors In General Populations and Cancer Patients and Survivors, 2004). The effectiveness of their intervention in determined by the setting in which the intervention took place. Determining the need for the program depends on the number of people wanting to change a specific cognitive behavior. The behavioralShow MoreRelatedA Visit At A Construction Site1403 Words   |  6 Pagesare required to arrange a visit to a construction site, exhibition, event, office or other relevant location (individually or in groups) and report on your findings. Your report can include information such as the management structure, health and safety issues, technical aspects, sustainability, financial information, innovation, materials, plant etc. You should include appropriate photos, graphics and any other supporting information. You may arrange and attend visits in groups but your report mustRead MoreEssay on Site Visit Report3917 Words   |  16 PagesRELI 1301 - World Religions Spring 2011 Site Visit Report Template1 Note: Students are to read all instructions related to this assignment before completing this template. Place your responses adjacent to or below each item/question – do not delete text from this template. Remember to please use a different font size or color in order to assist me in differentiating your text from that of this template. Student Name: Raul Leal Name of Site Visit Location: Kingdom Hall of the JehovahRead MoreOn Site Visit to Human Services1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, and much more. The mission of the centers is to â€Å"offer a wide variety of behavioral health care services designed to help people of all ages reach their highest level of functioning.† (The Centers Web Site) Services Acute Care Services The facility offers acute care services. The acute care ward includes 24 hour assessment services, inpatient crisis stabilization (for adults and children), and detoxification. Inpatient crisis stabilizationRead MoreHistorical Site Visit And Research Paper1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Historical Site Visit and Research Paper Sam Davis Home, Smyrna, TN Visiting historical sites is sometimes interesting and gives the visitors an opportunity to get more information to know the places and various activities taking place in such historical sites. The sites give people an opportunity to learn more about the historical site. Such knowledge helps in ensuring proper documentation is done by the relevant bodies. Any person would be interested in paying such places a visit. The paces areRead MoreSite Visit At Forth Replacement Crossing1661 Words   |  7 PagesReport on site visit at Forth Replacement Crossing On 11/10/2016 By Isabelle Kent H00262757 â€Æ' Table of Content 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 3. Construction 3.1. Towers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 3.2. Cables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 3.3. Deck, surfacing and roadway†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 3.4. Health Safety†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 3.5. Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 4. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 5. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 â€Æ' 1. Background Site location – Firth of Forth, Queensferry Site areaRead MoreSite Visit : Temple Beth El1519 Words   |  7 PagesSite Visit: Temple Beth El I had been contemplating when I would go to a Shabbat service over the last couple of weeks. I had some conflicts with the times and there were also a couple of Jewish holidays happening during the months of September and October, such as Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah. I became aware that services may change location and style during the high holidays depending on the congregation. High holidays do not fall on the day each civil calendarRead MoreSite Visit : Temple Beth El1518 Words   |  7 PagesSite Visit: Temple Beth El I had been contemplating when I would go to a Shabbat service over the last couple of weeks. I had some conflicts with the times and there were also a couple of Jewish holidays happening during the months of September and October, such as Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah. I became aware that services may change location and style during the high holidays depending on the congregation. High holidays do not fall on the day each civil calendarRead MoreReligious Site Visit (Rel 2011)1665 Words   |  7 PagesLocation: Chabad Center of Kendall   Date visited: February 1, 2013   Interviewed person:   Sect: Chabad Lubavitch          My site visit took place on the first of February 2013 I had the privilege of attending the candle lighting ceremony of the Judaism religion. To bring in the day called Shabbat ( a sacred day to the Jewish community) at the Chabad Center of Kendall and Pincrest they lit candles, sang songs, and recited words from the Torah that reminded them of the historical story of ShabbatRead MoreThe Muslim Religion For My Site Visit987 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to research the Muslim religion for my site visit. I wanted to have in depth experience with this religion since I did my group project about Sikhism and during class we went into great detail about every other religion. I did not know what to expect when visiting a mosque, it was a pretty nerve-wracking experience for me being a non-Muslim. I have been raised with Christian morals my whole life even though I have only gone to church a few times in my whole life. Almost all religions haveRead MoreSite Visit Report : St. Paul Lutheran Church1361 Words   |  6 PagesJean Gillis Sundays 8 A.M. 11 A.M. Site Visit Report: St. Paul Lutheran Church The Lutheran religion is a branch of Protestant Christianity, and it was a result of their founder, Dr. Martin Luther, stepping away from the Roman Catholic religion in his mission to reform it. Luther’s intention was never to create a new religion; he solely wanted to reform the Catholic religion to rid the church of its contradictions to the bible. For my site visitation, I attended a Lutheran service at

Influence Of Science And Religion - 1564 Words

1. Q) Compare and contrast the influence of science and religion in the development of humanity. Discuss both the positive and the negative. A) The systematic testing of observations, and the belief of something larger than ourselves, have been part of the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanations. The need to resolve important everyday questions, such as; what controlled their environment, or, what system of morality is needed to best promote the stability of the tribe, meant that for early peoples, some response was required, so some people within started to come up with answers simply based on guesses, thus developing the first religious belief system. Having religion, for the majority of people, offered a sense of order and purpose. The order and purpose was often accompanied by fear and respect for their religious leaders helping to create a class system where leaders had a tremendous amount of power and were able to exert a lot of influence on the way society developed. As formal scientific pursuits became more common, and many commonly held religious beliefs were questioned, the religious world was in turmoil. The divine right of kings and church leaders, and the new focus on science, led to discoveries that seemed to contradict the bible, which, to that point, wasShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Science and Religion on The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde689 Words   |  3 PagesThe novella, ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ was written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886. The author was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1850. His family included engineers, scientists, a professor of philosophy, and a religious minister. The scientific and religious sides of Stevensons family reflecte d in both his personal life and in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (disapproval between Dr Lanyon and Dr Jekyll). In 1859 Charles Darwin published his famous book called the ‘Origin of Species’Read MoreSociological Perspectives on Religion Essay example991 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Religion is a ritualized system of beliefs and practices related to things defined as sacred by an organized community of believers.† (Basirico et.al. 379). Religion is an important element in the society because it influences the way individuals act and think. It has shaped the relationship and bonding among families as well as influenced the decision made in economics and politics. Religion in general has contributed to shape a society and a government structure which will influence the way theRead MoreComparing Religion And Science From A Sociological Viewpoint1478 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion:1. Compare and contrast religion with science from a sociological viewpoint. Is science just another form of religion, with people like physicist Stephen Hawking among its high priests or mullah? Are science and religions simply both similar social constructions? In your response to this question, specifically consider both how irrational social factors influence everything, and the relationship between faith and proof. First of all, There are a number of debates about the similaritiesRead MoreReligion and Psychology Essay example729 Words   |  3 PagesCastelli, 1989). Despite the widespread prevalence of religious beliefs in society, some researchers have maintained that religion and religious beliefs are often neglected in psychological research (Jones, 1994; Plante, 1996). This neglect stems from a couple of different factors. First, it is difficult for psychologists to overcome the fact that believers in many religions claim to have unique access to the truth. Secondly, truly theological questions such as the existence of God or the natureRead MoreScience and Religion Essays808 Words   |  4 PagesScience and religion have always been in conflict with one another because they each represent complete opposite ideals, science is about how nature controls how the universe works and religion is about how God controls how the universe works. In the five models on science and religion I be lieve that Conflict best describes the relationship between the two. Conflict tells how either science is completely right and religion is wrong or the other way around and that religion and science are completelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature And Religious Belief Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Boateng Science is primarily based on study of nature and Religious belief are typically based on faith. Reaching a consensus is generally impossible. Natural science has had some vast majority of influence on religion. Scientific and evidence based rational notion has seen to be increasingly replacing religion. In the 21st century, while science has gained in influence and knowledge, I personally think religion has not been supersede. The idea that science and religion are at war with oneRead MoreModernity Is A Normal Part Of Daily Life That Has Made Its Way Into Religion1486 Words   |  6 PagesModernity is a normal part of daily life that has made its way into religion. Modernity, disenchantment, and secularization, not only all intertwine and play a role in today’s changing society, but the first one acts as cause for the other two, through ideas such as the Secularization Thesis and secularism arising as part of the disenchanted world. Before explaining how, it is important to first discuss what modernity is. Michael Saler describes it as: â€Å"a mixture of political, social, intellectualRead MoreEmile Durkheim s The Elementary Forms Of The Religious Life1608 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines religion through a social viewpoint, while Claude Là ©vi-Strauss’s The Savage Mind compares modern and â€Å"primitive† thought. Although their topics of interest differ, both works similarly rely on science to explain their anthropologic theories. Science serves as a useful reference point, since it embodies modern mode of thinking with high objectivity. Therefore, these writers can expand on their analysis of other ways to perceive the world by comparing and contrasting with science. The relationsRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation Of The Environment940 Words   |  4 Pagesthe primary causes of environmental degradation. There is also a third cause of environmental degradation that people hypothesize, which is our values. These people believe that major values influence population growth and technological develop ment. The argument is that values are more important, and influence population growth and technological development. Key values come from national, racial and religious cultures and are transmitted via other people, institutions, popular culture and mass mediaRead MoreReligion Research Paper988 Words   |  4 PagesList the religion(s) from our study this semester you believe are represented in, or have influenced, the United States’ system of governance. Give specific examples of the element(s) represented for each religion, and how they are represented. Are there â€Å"threads of truth† all the religions we studied share, which are represented in our civic society?   Cite scripture passages from each religion to back up your claims. Cite specific laws, documents, currency, patriotic music, sculpture, etc. that

Love Is A Unique Attitude - 1039 Words

Love passes various stages, and people associate the meaning of love in the terms of their own experiences. Even though, as everything has its advantages and disadvantages, most of people hear the word Love has in mind the positive attributes of the word. The Longman Dictionary stated that Love means to care very much about someone, especially a member of your family or a close friend (Love. Def. 1). An explanation of the meaning of love in this dictionary too tightly focuses on just one concept. My definition of love is not based only on caring for someone because of the bonds, but it s based on something which also depends on it and it is the result of Love. Love is a unique attitude, personality development and also arouses to the feeling of dependence on the people and places which serve a significant role in the life. First of all, Love develops a personality by sharing strengths and use a sense of self-confidence in an environment which gives mobilizations. Support and love asc ribe the courage and cheer in taking challenges in the life. Love is a source of positive energy that others share because the largest number of positive energy is derived from love. You feel stronger and less prone to breakdowns. You should feel safe and secure, both physically and emotionally. A sense of support leads to positive thinking which helps to become mentally strong. Life is hard enough without being criticized, or belittling your character. However, the criticism ofShow MoreRelatedWhere Are You Staying In Essay738 Words   |  3 Pagescreated us unique and rest of the things depends on us whether to follow the trend or think outside the box. We all love to think ourselves unique but in reality, it is we who choose the trend of mainstream and subsequently get lost in the crowd. Below are the secrets that everybody is capable of doing, but most of them ignores and others think to act later: 1. Be yourself: Be yourself rather to fit into a label of who you should be. We all prefer to be unique but we dont think unique and work uniqueRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1342 Words   |  6 Pagesreminders of his love for a girl from his college in New Jersey, Martha. Martha has given no indication of love to the Lieutenant, though, Cross continues to carry her letters in his backpack as ‘good luck.’ Cross also carries photographs of Martha with him, specifically one of her playing volleyball. Ultimately, he is disturbed by the thought that his affection will never be returned. This short story is focused on a man who falls in love with a woman. It explains the difficulties of love not only inRead MoreA Valediction : Forbidden Mourning By John Donne1185 Words   |  5 Pages(Slide 1) Real love isn’t defeated by distance. Real love doesn’t fall apart at the thought of being apart. Love shouldn’t be tied to a person s physical presence. Thi s love should endure even the toughest situations. (Shmoop University, 2015) Imagine yourself saying farewell to a departing loved one. How would you react in this situation? Love and loyalty were popular themes that underpinned the most articulate and significant poems in 17th century. (Bartleby, 2015) Good morning members ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Kolodny And Velleman On Love853 Words   |  4 PagesKolodny and Velleman on Love Love is unique in its striking ability to be a driving force in dictating interpersonal relationships. It patterns behavior and orients individuals towards their distinct, unique attractions. According to Velleman, love penetrates deeper than one’s qualities; it extends to one’s rational will, or the essence of a person. To him, though love appears to have particularity, it is also a moral emotion. Kolodny subscribes to the relationship theory, asserting that an ongoingRead MoreWomen s Lack Of Body Image1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to not allow body image to take control of them. Throughout this paper, we will discuss about women having difficulties falling in love with their body, how media has influenced what a female’s â€Å"perfect body† is, what women do to get the â€Å"perfect body†, low self-esteem, depression, and women knowing their worth and loving themselves. Our society tells us to love ourselves, and be happy with the way we look. However, for many female this is a difficult task to do. According to Chelsea Roff, studiesRead MoreEssay on journal on Unconditional Positive Regard746 Words   |  3 Pagescentred therapy. We have been exploring Unconditional Positive Regard, a term used by Rogers to describe a basic acceptance and support of a person regardless what they say or do. Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of the counsellor towards his client. Rogers believes that this attitude is essential to a healthy development and cause a positive therapeutic movement in a therapy. I find this condition; the very definition of humanity. Our species have a rare capability to understand each otherRead MoreAntony And Cleopatra Critical Analysis921 Words   |  4 PagesAntony and Cleopatra opens with a scene in which Antony professes his unfathomable love for Cleopatra and, while the play covers much of the political drama surrounding the crumbling of the Roman republic and creation of the Roman Empire under Octavius, it is also centrally about the romantic relationship between Antony and Cleopatra (after all, it’s not entitled Antony and Octavius). Antony tells Cleopatra that his love has no bounds, and often it certainly does seem excessive. It keeps him from importantRead MoreMy Role Model Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesqualities that definitely, make her really extraordinary, her attitude, her love for God and the capacity to love others. The main reason why I look up into my counselor its because of her outstanding attitude. Despite how bad the situation is or what a ruthless day she had, Eliza constantly stays confident knowing everything is about to change for good and knowing everything occurs for a reason. Teaching me that with an optimistic attitude everything you make will turn out for a better outcome andRead MoreThe Broken Heart a Poem by John Donne Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesBeing a human being comes with several feelings and experiences that shape who we are, some favourable and beneficial some shattering and distressing, one of the most common is that of love, Love is the single most celebrated human emotion, though nevertheless love can end in heartbreak. A broken heart can be considered a painful empty feeling or the writhing of the soul. The Urban Dictionary defines a broken heart as ‘the feeling of complete devastation, and extreme sadness after a break-up of aRead MoreMy Cultural Identity : Hawaii Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesmy own unique personal identity. Each of these has played a role in shaping my own cultural identity. Growing up in Hawaii was a unique experience for me that I doubt would. I’ve always seen Hawaii as the melting pot between American and Asian cultures. One of the most notable things about Hawaii culture is how laid back the people are. It common in the Hawaiian culture for people to take life a slower pace and not to stress out about life’s responsibilities. However, this laid back attitude also

Analyzing Quantitative Behavioral Observation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing Quantitative Behavioral Observation. Answer: Introduction: The theme of curiosity was primary in the whole interview. It is apparent that the same questionnaires were not used in the whole interview(Panneerselvam, 2015). Such is apparent in the way the questions were put across. When the interviewer is curious, he or she tries all he or she can so as to retrieve detailed information from the subjects. Such can be demonstrated by changing the questions into a way that they fit the type of the subject but provide the same results. The theme of Curiosity commanded the whole process and led to detailed inquiry and consistency. The detailed inquiry was evident in the process of asking questions to the interviewees. The best way to know if an interviewer is interested in detailed information, he or she does not leave any information out(Liamputtong, 2013). For example, in the process of interviewing, it was evident that some interviewees either did not understand the interviewee or did not have the answers to the questions. However, since the interviewer needed detailed information, the interviewer made sure that the interviewee understood the questions so as to answer them correctly(Smith, 2015). If the interviewer were not interested in detailed information, he or she would not have been so keen on the information provided; whenever the interviewee proved not to understand a question, the interviewer would have just moved on to the next question. The theme of consistency was evident in the way all the interviews were carried out. In the process of interviewing the subject, it was evident that the interviewer made sure to obtain specific information from the interviewees(Holmes, 2015). In some instances, the interviewer did not ask the same questions. However, what stood out is that the interviewer was aiming at different answers but using different strategies. For example, in the first and the second interview, it is evident that the interviewer was not interviewing people who worked in the same organization. Such was evident through the type of answers that the interviewees provided. The first interviewee was consistent and would answer questions without hesitation. However, the second interviewee was reluctant and in some cases did not know what to answer(Suen, H.K., and Ary, D., 2014). However, the interviewer did not skip the questions; the interviewer made sure that the questions were asked but in the same way to make su re that there was consistency in the data that would be collected. There are different methods which played a significant role in analyzing the data. The two main methods used in analyzing the data were typology and constant comparison. In typology, the use of different patterns, as well as themes, was used. For example, it was realized that the interviewer used specific patterns to carry out the interviews(Glesne, 2015). There were specific questions that were first asked. The questions would only change if the subject proved not to understand the questions well(Panneerselvam, 2015). However, despite the subject proving not to understand the questions, the interviewer made sure that the pattern of asking the questions was changed, but the pattern of acquiring data was not interfered with at all. The constant comparison came in place to analyze the questions as well as the answers. The method was utilized in the following way. The data provided by the subjects was taken and compared with the data that was provided by other subjects. For example, the data of the first subject would be compared with the data of the second subject(Flick, 2015). Such led to knowing the different and understanding the data well. At the same time, the questions asked to the first subject were taken and compared with the questions that were asked to the second subject. Comparison helped in knowing the type of data that would be reliable and such would be known through the questions asked as well as the way the questions were answers. By looking at the different interviews, it is apparent that there was a lot to be compared. There are advantages that came with comparing the data. The first advantage was looking at the interview that was conducted in a more thorough way. By having such information, it was easy to know if there were biases in the whole process or not. At the same time, comparison was used in the process of looking at the response of the interviewees. It is evident that different interviewees provided different information. However, such was due to different approaches. The interviewer can however not be blamed for that because the interviewees proved that their level of processing information was different. It is evident that there were no specific research questions; however, there are many points to learn and observe from the whole process. One of the points is the fact that the method which was used in acquiring the data was effective. The reason why it was effective is that it was enduring, flexible, and straight forward. As far as the issue of enduring is concerned, the questions proved that they would give the subjects a margin of error(Bernard, H.R., Wutich, A. and Ryan, G.W, 2016). A good example is seen when a subject does not have a definite answer. Instead of skipping the question, the question is changed into a way that the subject can understand better. At the same time, it was apparent that the questions did not only need a specific answer; the subjects were free to give their answers(Brinkmann, 2014). In research, biases are eliminated when the questions are not twisted in a way that the subjects must provide a specific answer. The questions were also not complicated. For example, there was a common question asking about the history of the organization. Such information is straight forward, and one is supposed to have the information in his or her mind when he or she is working for an organization. The themes utilized in the whole process helped in gathering credible information. The fact that the interviewer was so focused on making sure that he or she only gets information which is relevant to the research affected the findings of the interview. It was evident that different methods of questioning provide different types of information(Cohen, 2014). For example, in the first interview, the interviewer was straight forward with the interviewee, and the same case was evident in the second interview. However, it was not easy to gather the same information by using the same questions. The first subject was understanding and answered questioned without difficulties. However, the second subject was hesitating and could not answer the same questions fast. However, when the interviewer changed the perspective, it was apparent that the second interviewer provided more details to the interviewee and that had an effect on the way the interviewee responded to the questions. By analyzing the data, there were different observations. Most of the observations were associated with the interviewees. The first observation was that different people interpret information differently. There are factors that support the claim. The interviewer wanted to use the same questions but it is evident that the interviewees had a different way of processing the questions. Such led to the interviewer editing and redrafting some of the questions. At the same time, it was observed that people take different amount of time to respond to questions. In this case, the accuracy or inaccuracy of the a nswers does not factor in; what matters is how much time a subject took to answer the question. Knowledge matters were also evident in the whole process. Bibliography Bernard, H.R., Wutich, A., and Ryan, G.W, 2016. Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches. Boston: SAGE publication. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, pp.1008-10. Cohen, M., 2014. Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. London: MIT Press. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Boston: SAGE. Glesne, C., 2015. Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. New York: Pearson. Holmes, J., 2015. Reverie and research interviews: a theoretical and empirical investigation. Essex: Doctoral dissertation, University of Essex. Liamputtong, P., 2013. Qualitative research methods. Panneerselvam, R., 2015. Research Methodology. Athens: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Smith, J., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Boston: SAGE. Suen, H.K., and Ary, D., 2014. Analyzing quantitative behavioral observation data. New York: Psychology Press.

By Derek Choi Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew,

by Derek Choi Shakespeare Tamed Shrews and Twelfth Nights: The Role of Women In Shakespeare It is curious to note the role of women in Shakespearean literature. Many critics have lambasted the female characters in his plays as two-dimensional and unrealistic portrayals of subservient women. Others have asserted that the roles of women in his plays were prominent for the time and culture that he lived in. That such contrasting views could be held in regards to the same topic is academic. It is only with close examination of his works that we are able to suppose his intent in creating characters that inspire so much controversy. Two works, Taming of the Shrew, and Twelfth Night, stand out particularly well in regards to Shakespeare's use of female characters. After examining these two plays, one will see that Shakespeare, though conforming to contemporary attitudes of women, circumvented them by creating resolute female characters with a strong sense of self. The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare's most famous plays, and has weathered well into our modern era with adaptations into popular television series such as Moonlighting. For all the praises it has garnered throughout the centuries, it is curious to note that many have considered it to be one of his most controversial in his treatment of women. The "taming" of Katherine has been contended as being excessively cruel by many writers and critics of the modern era. George Bernard Shaw himself pressed for its banning during the 19th century (Peralta). The subservience of Katherine has been labeled as barbaric, antiquated, and generally demeaning. The play centers on her and her lack of suitors. It establishes in the first act her shrewish demeanor and its repercussions on her family. It is only with the introduction of the witty Petruchio as her suitor, that one begins to see an evolution in her character. Through an elaborate charade of humiliating behavior, Petruchio humbles her and by the end of the play, she will instruct other women on the nature of being a good and dutiful wife. In direct contrast to Shrew, is Twelfth Night, whose main female protagonist is by far the strongest character in the play. The main character Viola, has been stranded in a foreign land and adopts the identity of her brother so that she might live independently without a husband or guardian. She serves as a courtier to a young, lovesick nobleman named Orsino. Throughout the play she plays as a go-between for him to the woman he loves. In the course of her service, she falls in love with him. Only at the end, does she renounce her male identity and declares her love for him. Both plays portray female characters unwilling to accept the female role of passivity. Katherine rebels against this stereotype by becoming a "shrew", a violently tempered and belligerent woman. Viola disguises herself as a man for most of the play in order to preserve her state of free will. Katherine endures reprimands, chiding, and humiliation in the course of her chosen rebellion. Viola enjoys life and position as a man, and does not reveal who she is until the last scene of the play. Curiously enough, both women voluntarily accept the roles that society would impose on them again at the close of the plays. It is important to note though, that they freely resume these roles, and that they do so out of their own sense of self. For each woman, it is a personal choice based on their desires. In the case of Katherine, she realizes that propriety is as much a signature of self-respect as respect for others, and she has a husband whom she need prove nothing to because he already respects her. In the case of Viola, she is in love with the young Orsino. Having found the man she would be willing to wed, the pretense of her male identity is no longer necessary, as she desires to be his wife. Having seen the similarities between Viola and Katherine, one should take notice that they do have different circumstances regarding their behavior. The reason for Katherine's shrewish demeanor is never given in the play, though many directors have interpreted it as an act to discourage suitors, much like Hamlet's feigned madness. Others have attributed it to sibling rivalry between Katherine and her sister Bianca. In any case, no clear rationale is given to the audience as to the reason for Katherine's behavior. It is enough to say that the actions

Public Health Essays

Public Health Essays Public Health Paper Public Health Paper Public health is the science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention. Public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. These populations can be as small as a local neighborhood, or as big as an entire country. Public health can make a difference in the lives of tens, hundreds, and even thousands or millions. Public health program is very important beause these are some of the threats to our health that we will be facing in the years to come such as avian influenza, HIV/AIDS, obesity, cancer, bioterrorism, domestic violence, substance abuse, mental health, drug resistant diseases, emerging and re-emerging diseases, environmental toxins, inequities in health care access and manymore. Most experts agree that these problems cant be tackled with new medical findings or cures; it is up to public health to protect us from these threats. Seeing the health problems such as highly increasing of disease prevalence, public health offers the best solution program because public health is a very diverse and dynamic field incorporating many disciplines that consist of biology, sociology, mathematics, anthropology, public policy, computer science, business, environmental science, communications, etc. 2. 1 Early public health interventions o 2. 2 Modern public health + 2. 2. 1 Public Health 2. 0 * 3 Education and training o 3. 1 Schools of public health o 3. 2 Degrees in public health * 4 Public health programs o 4. 1 Applications in healthcare * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 Further reading * 8 External links [edit] Objectives The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors, communities and environments. Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods. For example, research has shown that the simple act of hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases. [4] In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during an outbreak of infectious disease, or contamination of food or water supplies. Public health communications programs, vaccination programs, and distribution of condoms are examples of common public health measures. Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and non-governmental organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the international agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. For example in the United States, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments. The United States Public Health Service (PHS), led by the Surgeon General of the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, headquartered in Atlanta, are involved with several international health activities, in addition to their national duties. In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. In India, the Public Health Foundation of India was launched in 2006 as a response to growing concern over the emerging public health challenges in that country. There is a vast discrepancy in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed nations and developing nations. In the developing world, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained health workers or monetary resources to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention. [5] As a result, a large majority of disease and mortality in the developing world results from and contributes to extreme poverty. For example, many African governments spend less than USD$10 per person per year on health care, while, in the United States, the federal government spent approximately USD$4,500 per capita in 2000. [edit] History of public health In some ways, public health is a modern concept, although it has roots in antiquity. From the beginnings of human civilization, it was recognized that polluted water and lack of proper waste disposal spread communicable diseases (theory of miasma). Early religions attempted to regulate behavior that specifically related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviors, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. The establishment of governments placed responsibility on leaders to develop public health policies and programs in order to gain some understanding of the causes of disease and thus ensure social stability prosperity, and maintain order. The term healthy city used by todays public health advocates reflects this ongoing challenge to collective physical well-being that results from crowded conditions and urbanization. [edit] Early public health interventions Public health nursing made available through child welfare services in U. S. (c. 1930s) By Roman times, it was well understood that proper diversion of human waste was a necessary tenet of public health in urban areas. The Chinese developed the practice of variolation following a smallpox epidemic around 1000 BC. An individual without the disease could gain some measure of immunity against it by inhaling the dried crusts that formed around lesions of infected individuals. Also, children were protected by inoculating a scratch on their forearms with the pus from a lesion. This practice was not documented in the West until the early-18th century, and was used on a very limited basis. The practice of vaccination did not become prevalent until the 1820s, following the work of Edward Jenner to treat smallpox. During the 14th century Black Death in Europe, it was believed that removing bodies of the dead would further prevent the spread of the bacterial infection. This did little to stem the plague, however, which was most likely spread by rodent-borne fleas. Burning parts of cities resulted in much greater benefit, since it destroyed the rodent infestations. The development of quarantine in the medieval period helped mitigate the effects of other infectious diseases. However, according to Michel Foucault, the plague model of governmentality was later controverted by the cholera model. A Cholera pandemic devastated Europe between 1829 and 1851, and was first fought by the use of what Foucault called social medicine, which focused on flux, circulation of air, location of cemeteries, etc. All those concerns, born of the miasma theory of disease, were mixed with urbanistic concerns for the management of populations, which Foucault designated as the concept of biopower. The German conceptualized this in the Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of police). The science of epidemiology was founded by John Snows identification of a polluted public water well as the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak in London. Dr. Snow believed in the germ theory of disease as opposed to the prevailing miasma theory. Although miasma theory correctly teaches that disease is a result of poor sanitation, it was based upon the prevailing theory of spontaneous generation. Germ theory developed slowly: despite Anton van Leeuwenhoeks observations of Microorganisms, (which are now known to cause many of the most common infectious diseases) in the year 1680, the modern era of public health did not begin until the 1880s, with Louis Pasteurs germ theory and production of artificial vaccines. Other public health interventions include latrinization, the building of sewers, the regular collection of garbage followed by incineration or disposal in a landfill, providing clean water and draining standing water to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes. This contribution was made by Edwin Chadwick in 1843 who published a report on the sanitation of the working class population in Great Britain at the time. So began the inception of the modern public health. The industrial revolution had initially caused the spread of disease through large conurbations around workhouses and factories. These settlements were cramped and primitive and there was no organised sanitation. Disease was inevitable and its incubation in these areas was encouraged by the poor lifestyle of the inhabitants. [edit] Modern public health With the onset of the epidemiological transition and as the prevalence of infectious diseases decreased through the 20th century, public health began to put more focus on chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Previous efforts in many developed countries had already led to dramatic reductions in the infant mortality rate using preventative methods. For instance in the United States, public health worker Dr. Sara Josephine Baker established many programs to help the poor in New York City keep their infants healthy, leading teams of nurses into the crowded neighborhoods of Hells Kitchen and teaching mothers how to dress, feed, and bathe their babies. During the 20th century and early in the next, the dramatic increase in average life span is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of many infectious diseases including polio, diphtheria, yellow fever and smallpox; effective health and safety policies such as road traffic safety and occupational safety; improved family planning; tobacco control measures; and programs designed to decrease non-communicable diseases by acting on known risk factors such as a persons background, lifestyle and environment. One of the major sources of the increase in average life span in the early 20th century was the decline in the urban penalty brought on by improvements in sanitation. These improvements included chlorination of drinking water, filtration and sewage treatment which led to the decline in deaths caused by infectious waterborne diseases such as cholera and intestinal diseases. In Cutler and Millers, The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances, they display evidence of the decline in typhoid fever deaths in Chicago, Baltimore, Cincinnati, and Cleveland after these American cities adopted chlorination, filtration, or a sewage improvement. [6] Meanwhile, large parts of the developing world remained plagued by largely preventable/treatable infectious diseases and poor maternal and child health outcomes, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty. The WHO reports that a lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year. [7] Intermittent preventive therapy aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes among pregnant women and young children is one public health measure in endemic countries. Front-page headlines continue to present society with public health issues on a daily basis: emerging infectious diseases such as SARS, making its way from China (see Public health in China) to Canada, the United States and other geographically distant countries; reducing inequities in health care access through publicly funded health insurance programs; the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its spread from certain high-risk groups to the general population in many countries, such as in South Africa; The increase of childhood obesity and the concomitant increase in type II diabetes among  children; the social, economic and health impacts of adolescent pregnancy; and the ongoing public health challenges related to natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, 2005s Hurricane Katrina in the United States and the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Since the 1980s, the growing field of population health has broadened the focus of public health from individual behaviors and risk factors to population-level issues such as inequality, poverty, and education. Modern public health is often concerned with addressing determinants of health across a population. There is a recognition that our health is affected by many factors including where we live, genetics, our income, our educational status and our social relationships these are known as social determinants of health. A social gradient in health runs through society, with those that are poorest generally suffering the worst health. However even those in the middle classes will generally have worse health outcomes than those of a higher social stratum. [8] The new public health seeks to address these health inequalities by advocating for population-based policies that improve health in an equitable manner. [edit] Public Health 2. 0 Public Health 2. 0 is the term given to a movement within public health that aims to make the field more accessible to the general public and more user-driven. There are three senses in which the term Public Health 2. 0 is used. In the first sense, Public Health 2. 0 is similar to the term Health 2. 0 and is used to describe the ways in which traditional public health practitioners and institutions are reaching out (or could reach out) to the public through social media. [9][10] In the second sense, Public Health 2.0 is used to describe public health research that uses data gathered from social networking sites, search engine queries, cell phones, or other technologies. [11] In the third sense, Public Health 2. 0 is used to describe public health activities that are completely user-driven. [12] An example this type of Public Health 2. 0 is the collection and sharing of information about environmental radiation levels following the March 2011 tsunami in Japan. [13] In all cases, Public Health 2. 0 draws on ideas from Web 2. 0, such as crowdsourcing, information sharing, and user-centred design. [14] [edit] Education and training Education and training of public health professionals is available throughout the world in Medical Schools, Schools of Public Health, and Schools of Public Affairs. The training typically requires a university degree with a focus on core disciplines of biostatistics, epidemiology, health services administration, health policy, health education, behavioral science and environmental health. [15][16] Many other programs, such as in nursing or dietetics, include some public health content even if not specifically designed to prepare for a profession in public health. [edit] Schools of public health In the United States, the Welch-Rose Report of 1915 has been viewed as the basis for the critical movement in the history of the institutional schism between public health and medicine because it led to the establishment of schools of public health supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. [17][18] The report was authored by William Welch, founding dean of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Wycliffe Rose of the Rockefeller Foundation. The report focused more on research than practical education. [17][19] Some have blamed the Rockefeller Foundations 1916 decision to support the establishment of schools of public health for creating the schism between public health and medicine and legitimizing the rift between medicines laboratory investigation of the mechanisms of disease and public healths nonclinical concern with environmental and social influences on health and wellness. [17][20] Even though schools of public health had already been established in Canada, Europe and North Africa, the US had still maintained the traditional system of housing faculties of public health within their medical institutions. However, a year following the Welch-Rose report, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1916. By 1922, schools of public health were established in Columbia, Harvard and Yale universities. By 1999 there were twenty nine schools of public health in the US, enrolling around fifteen thousand students. [17][15] Over the years, the types of students and training provided have also changed. In the beginning, students who enrolled in public health schools typically had already obtained a medical degree; public health school training was largely a second degree for medical professionals. However, in 1978, 69% of American students enrolled in public health schools had only a bachelors degree. [15] [edit] Degrees in public health Main article: Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health offer a variety of degrees which generally fall into two categories: professional or academic. [21] The two major postgraduate professional degrees are the Master of Public Health (MPH) or the Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH). Doctoral studies in this field include Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in a subspeciality of greater Public Health disciplines. DrPH is regarded as a professional leadership degree and PhD is more an academic degree. Professional degrees are oriented towards practice in public health settings. The Master of Public Health, Doctor of Public Health, Doctor of Health Science (DHSc) and the Master of Health Care Administration are examples of degrees which are geared towards people who want careers as practitioners of public health in health departments, managed care and community-based organizations, hospitals and consulting firms among others. Master of Public Health degrees broadly fall into two categories, those that put more emphasis on an understanding of epidemiology and statistics as the scientific basis of public health practice and those that include a more eclectic range of methodologies. A Master of Science of Public Health is similar to an MPH but is considered an academic degree (as opposed to a professional degree) and places more emphasis on quantitative methods and research. The same distinction can be made between the DrPH and the DHSc. The DrPH is considered a professional degree and the DHSc is an academic degree. Academic degrees are more oriented towards those with interests in the scientific basis of public health and preventive medicine who wish to pursue careers in research, university teaching in graduate programs, policy analysis and development, and other highs of academic degrees are the Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science (ScD), and Doctor of Health Science (DHSc). The doctoral programs are distinct from the MPH and other professional programs by the addition of advanced coursework and the nature and scope of a dissertation research project. In the United States, the Association of Schools of Public Health[22] represents Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accredited schools of public health. [23] Delta Omega is the honorary society for graduate studies in public health. The society was founded in 1924 at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Currently, there are approximately 68 chapters throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. [24] [edit] Public health programs Today, most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence disease, disability, and the effects of aging and other physical and mental health conditions, although public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. [25] In recent years, public health programs providing vaccinations have made incredible strides in promoting health, including the eradication of smallpox, a disease that plagued humanity for thousands of years. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs including:[26] * providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed; * shaping a research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge; * setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation; * articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options; * monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends. In particular, public health surveillance programs can:[27] * serve as an early warning system for impending public health emergencies; * document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals; and * monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, allow priorities to be set, and inform health policy and strategies. Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including HIV/AIDS, diabetes, waterborne diseases, zoonotic diseases, and antibiotic resistance leading to the reemergence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Antibiotic resistance, also known as drug resistance, was the theme of World Health Day 2011. For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by the year 2030. [28] In a June 2010 editorial in the medical journal The Lancet, the authors opined that The fact that type 2 diabetes, a largely preventable disorder, has reached epidemic proportion is a public health humiliation. [29] The risk of type 2 diabetes is closely linked with the growing problem of obesity. The WHO’s latest estimates highlighted that globally approximately 1. 5 billion adults were overweight in 2008, and nearly 43 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2010. [30] The United States is the leading country with 30. 6% of its population being obese. Mexico follows behind with 24. 2% and the United Kingdom with 23%. Once considered a problem in high-income countries, it is now on the rise in low-income countries, especially in urban settings. Many public health programs are increasingly dedicating attention and resources to the issue of obesity, with objectives to address the underlying causes including healthy diet and physical exercise. Some programs and policies associated with public health promotion and prevention can be controversial. One such example is programs focusing on the prevention of HIV transmission through safe sex campaigns and needle-exchange programmes. Another is the control of tobacco smoking. Changing smoking behavior requires long term strategies, unlike the fight against communicable diseases which usually takes a shorter period for effects to be observed. Many nations have implemented major initiatives to cut smoking, such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all public places. Proponents argue by presenting evidence that smoking is one of the major killers, and that therefore governments have a duty to reduce the death rate, both through limiting passive (second-hand) smoking and by providing fewer opportunities for people to smoke. Opponents say that this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility, and worry that the state may be emboldened to remove more and more choice in the name of better population health overall. Simultaneously, while communicable diseases have historically ranged uppermost as a global health priority, non-communicable diseases and the underlying behavior-related risk factors have been at the bottom. This is changing however, as illustrated by the United Nations hosting its first General Assembly Special Summit on the issue of non-communicable diseases in September 2011. [31] [edit] Applications in healthcare As well as seeking to improve population health through the implementation of specific population-level interventions, public health contributes to medical care by identifying and assessing population needs for health care services, including:[32][33][34][35] * Assessing current services and evaluating whether they are meeting the objectives of the health care system * Ascertaining requirements as expressed by health professionals, the public and other stakeholders * Identifying the most appropriate interventions * Considering the effect on resources for proposed interventions and assessing their cost-effectiveness * Supporting decision making in health care and planning health services including any necessary changes. [edit] See also Nuvola apps package favorite. svg Health and fitness portal * Behavioral medicine * Diseases of affluence / Diseases of poverty * Environmental epidemiology * Environmental health * Epidemiology * Global health * Global Mental Health * Health care delivery * Health care providers * Health profession * List of preventable causes of death * National public health institutes * Public health journals * Public health law * Universal health care * World Health Report

Human Resource Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example Many employees are unable to balance their personal life with their work and this mix up is often the leading cause of stress amongst the employees. This also contributes to reduced performance as an employee fails to concentrate in the workplace as a result of the interference with the personal life. If the company is able to provide an environment where employees are able to balance these two different but yet demanding aspects of themselves and blend them to work in unison almost perfectly, then the employees will concentrate more in their work and increase their performance. They will also be in a better position and state of mind to deal with their personal lives and any crisis they may be undergoing without it interfering with their work. Resilience training is where the employees are presented with many different challenges in their workplace in a form of training and are taught how to handle all these challenges without them breaking their work spirit or enthusiasm and without having to show it to their customers as it might affect the feedback. The training is meant to make them much more focused in their work despite what is happening in the surrounding. It will enable them improve their decision making ability in order to enable them make the best decisions at all times. The resilience training is also meant to improve their clarity of problems, crises and challenges in the workplace as well as be more creative and especially when pressed with other matters. Work is done in the same way all the time creates monotony and minimizes or completely kills motivation of the employees in the workplace affecting negatively their performance and productivity of the organization. When the employer creates different opportunities which will make the workplace much more interesting hence reducing the monotony, the employees start valuing and enjoying their work. When employees feel valued and enjoy

Price control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price control - Essay Example The opinion of the College of Physicians was based on the fact that it would be better to self-impose limits instead of letting the insurance companies determine the income the industry would generate. In 1989 Argentina impose price controls on all goods and service in an attempt to stop the rampant inflationary forces. The government called the new system "managed prices" and in order to raise prices businesses had to ask permission from the government to do so. Prior to the new rules the price of food items had tripled in the previous weeks. In 1992 China eliminated price controls on food items in a rational move towards moving its economic system to assimilate more a free economy. It eliminated price controls on meats, eggs, and grain. The move hurt the civilian population as the price of meat which was undervalue went up 40% instantly after the government eliminated price controls on food items. At the beginning of the 21st century the Irish government considered imposing price controls on rents and housing prices due to high inflation in this economic sector. In 2001 California and Nevada impose price controls on wholesale electricity prices. The move caused some generators to withhold supplies, which created power shortages that caused stage 2 alerts. The Bush administration through this initiative capped excess profits on energy producers. Price controls are a common practice in the petroleum industry. In 1988 the U.S. government charged the Texaco Corporation with a penalty of $1.25 billion for violations of price ceilings on the sale of wholesale crude oil. Price control regulations have not been effective at maintaining the price of gasoline down in the 21st century. In 1999 the state legislature of the State of Maine was considering either imposing price ceiling on prescription drugs or realizing mass purchases in order to lower the price of medicine for poor people. One of the worst cases of

Tourism as a Form of Neocolonialism

Tourism as a Form of Neocolonialism One of the most crucial areas within the literature is how power plays a part in the development of tourism. The specific balances of power determine how tourism can be developed in a region, and whether this is an indigenously motivated process or part of a neo-colonialist agenda. Butler and Hinch (2007:308-309) point out that power is usually not evenly distributed within most regions, and that political power and economic power determine how tourism develops. For example, in Australia the Aboriginal people are encouraged to engage in tourism development, yet they have little say in how this development occurs, and they have few means to access their specific cultural images or representations. Whilst this shows the inequality in power, the work does not show what the consequences of this are. It shows that non-indigenous people do not often have control over tourism development, but not what the agenda of the non-indigenous culture is. Also, this is a specific case involving indig enous and non-indigenous peoples in one country, rather than one region lacking control over their tourism strategies in light of influence from foreign organisations. However, this argument is a good starting point because it is from such economic and political inequalities that tourism as neo-colonialism occurs. From the 1960s onwards, tourism was seen as a great moderniser that could improve the prospects of developing countries. However, because these developing countries often did not have the means to develop this industry themselves, the resources and expertise of developed countries made it possible. This also meant the developed countries set the agenda for development, focusing on what would be a good model for a developed country in Europe, for instance. This, as stated by Hughes (in Lew, Hall and Williams, 2004:498-499) can be used as a way for developed countries to maintain control over developing nations and maintain the need for their dependency on developed countries. However, this does not adequately explain whether this type of neo-colonial development was short-lived, or whether it still continues today. Also, it looks at the pr oblem only from whether tourism itself in this form is useful for the destination region, rather than the intertwined relationship of all regions involved tourism activities. The point being missed here is that it is logical for many tourism initiatives to be influenced and determined by the needs of those outside the destination region. Whilst local tourism is one concern, it is a small concern when compared to the possible economic advantages of attracting tourists from developed countries. As Akama (in Hall and Tucker, 2004:140-141) points out, this is certainly the case in the development of safari tourism in Africa. It was initially created during the colonial era, and is still influenced by the power structures that existed at this time. This was certainly necessary in terms of the development of tourism as foreign investment was required. However, what is crucial here is that this neo-colonial influence means that whilst tourism meets the needs of those from developed countries, so the revenues generated often do not remain within the destination market, and so no development past this tourism is easily possible whilst there is such a reliance on t he developed countries. How this is interpreted really depends on the specific levels of empowerment being discussed. Church and Coles (2007:205) say there are three types of empowerment national, local and personal. If we are talking about national empowerment, then tourism does suffer from neo-colonial influence. This is because national economies in many developing countries remain dependent on specifically Western-centric forms of tourism and its development. However, the influence is perhaps less obvious at local and personal level. Tourism provides work and jobs, which can help individuals move away from previous levels of poverty. It can also revitalise an area and provide new facilities for locals. However, this is very much dependent on the type of tourism being developed and the specific economic level of locals versus the facilities being created. What is clear here is that even though tourism at a national level can be deemed neo-colonial in many areas, this does not mean the neo-colonial influ ence reaches down to create negative consequences at the local or personal levels. However, according to Richards and Hall (2003:27) it is likely that negative neo-colonial influence can extend to the local or personal level, particularly if the type of tourism pays little attention to traditional culture and its values. Also, where tourism occurs in only some regions within a country, it adversely affects other regions. As money is invested in one region, another region can suffer and gain more power. This leads to unequal development, and also could leave locals with a choice between living in an area where their traditional cultures are eroded but money is available, or living where traditions are maintained but investment is not forthcoming. However, this still does not examine whether current tourism practices are specifically neo-colonial. It only shows that in its most extreme form, neo-colonial tourism can have a negative impact at all levels and can maintain power inequalities, despite the seeming economic advantages on the surface. This idea of pervasive neo-colonialism in tourism is reinforced by Mowforth and Munt (2008:56-57). They explain that countries such as Fiji, despite political independence, remain neo-colonialist economies because their continued stability and prosperity depend upon tourism from Western countries. This means further development has to take into account these needs, and also helps to maintain previous colonial spatial structures because they are best suited for the needs of the market that remains so important to the country. Whilst this certainly seems to the consensus when it comes to many developing countries that depend on tourism, the focus is perhaps too much just on the economic impacts rather than the potential impacts that neo-colonialism through tourism could have on race, culture and class. For example, Crick (1994:65) points out a study by Mendis (1981) that suggests the nature of tourism in Sri Lanka has led to a culture of servility that risks creating a generation of butlers. This wipes away cultural traditions and places racial inequalities between the tourists who are served and the locals who serve them. In order to continue bringing in tourists, these countries have to hide other inequalities and poverty, thereby potentially making these problems worse down the line and tacitly helping to maintain the stereotypes and inequalities between developed countries and the destination region. This again shows that neo-colonial tourism has, at least in the past and possibly still now, occurred. However, what is the overall level of tourism as neo-colonialism, and are there different approaches to tourism than the neo-colonialist approach? One area that could be described as a response or antidote to neo-colonial tourism is the increasing growth of the independent traveller. These are people who do not tend to visit regular tourist destinations, and do not seek out established tourist structures. These individuals believe they are not contributing to the inequalities that are seen through major tourist development, but in fact such inequalities are often inescapable. As tourists move away from one tourist area to independently travel, new lines of tourism are inevitably formed. Also, by attempting to control or decide exposure to tourist facilities, the traveller is inadvertently contributing to decisions about the development of certain areas. For example, some boatmen and guides in India have licenses that restrict the areas they can go with tourists. This means tourists have greater access and mobility within the destination environment than the local guides another example of inequality, even when it is merely an effort to potentially allow a less neo-colonial tourist experience. Furthermore, it is this idea of First World tourist determining the agenda to the Third World that contributes to inequalities, no matter the form of tourism being developed (Lozanski, 2008:31-33). This is perhaps the biggest problem -that the entire debate is only focused on the flow of mobility, education, economics and decision-making in one direction. For example, the tourist situation in Jamaica is often looked at from the negative neo-colonial standpoint, where large foreign hotel chains such as RIU Hotels mean that much of the money generated through tourism leaves Jamaica and ends up back in Western countries (Dei, 2006: 200). Even though this is a valid criticism, it only looks at the situation from one side. It does not take into account the desires and needs of the Jamaican people, and whether or not having these hotels that remove revenue from the economy is any worse than having no industry at all. It is not specifically that revenue is removed, but how this decision is made. If it is developed as part of an indigenously-led tourism model, then it cannot be seen to be totally negative. This is not studied enough in the literature, and the literature does not look a t the underlying decision-making processes of countries in terms of tourism development. For example, it should not be assumed that just because an area is developed to meet tourists needs and some elements of traditional culture removed that this is going to have a negative impact on the local population or that it is unwanted. This is only our perception from the Western-centric perspective that it is unwanted. Maintenance of traditional culture is not always desired by locals, and in fact its maintenance may be antithetical to other types of growth. For example, in Beijing, China, many of the traditional hutong streets and residences are being replaced with newer high-rise buildings and commercial buildings. Whilst some bemoan the loss of this culture, it can provide better accommodation and facilities to locals who lived in these old areas, and can provide much-needed jobs and activities for a growing middle class (Kuhn, 2006). Not all tourism is controlled by international corporations and their influence over the destination region. Local and nationally-controlled tourism initiatives perform differently to neo-colonial tourism, and can potentially empower and help a nation to grow. This is of course shown in developed countries most readily, where locally controlled tourism helps preserve aspects of culture that are deemed locally important, as well as helping regions to develop and move closer together. However, it is less obvious and prevalent in developing countries. More research is required here, outside of the few specific examples that are generally cited to show how local tourism initiatives in developing countries are providing an alternative to the neo-colonial model (Theobald, 1998:69). The issue is that any adverse effect from tourism or any specifically capitalist market-driven decision in tourism is often seen as neo-colonialism in practice, but in fact the deeper roots of the decision need to be looked at rather than merely the outcomes. Local tourism initiatives may take advantage of capitalist structures for tourism development and specifically cater development to the needs of those from developed countries as well as their own people. It is therefore important to focus on the specific underlying influence of certain power structures on tourist decisions around the world, and this will give a clearer picture as to the true prevalence of neo-colonialism within tourism (Sharma, 2004:66-67). It must not be seen that changes within a country due to tourism are specifically because of neo-colonialism, or that tourism is merely the yoke that replaces colonialism in many countries. Whilst this is certainly true is some areas, it is also true that change occurs naturally and that tourism, whether influenced by foreign corporations or not, is a lucrative business (Mowforth and Munt, 2008:49). However, the real test for neo-colonial influence is whether these changes from tourism and the way tourism has developed is down to local needs and wishes, or whether it is purely created by undue influence from large foreign corporations. It could well be argued though that there is a thin line between the inequalities that inevitably emerge from a neo-liberal market due to the economic and political inequalities between the developing and developed world and the direct influence of neo-colonialism on tourism. Both can lead to negative consequences for developing countries, even though the decision-making processes might be quite different (Jamal and Robinson, 2009:154-155). In conclusion, the literature review shows that tourism has and continues to be a neo-colonial activity in at least some areas of the world, and that this has likely led to negative effects for developing countries. However, there are certainly gaps in the literature in terms of how much of tourism is based on neo-colonial ideals, and no real mention of tourism in developed countries, which contributes a lot to tourism and obviously is generally not seen as neo-colonial in nature. However, even if merely focusing on developing countries, there is a lack of information about the root causes for decisions in these areas, and too much of a focus on negative outcomes that perhaps have more to do with general economic inequalities rather than the prevalence of neo-colonialism in tourism. The next section will attempt to look at ways in which theoretical frameworks and research methods can be used to fill the gaps in this research and come to a conclusion about the extent to which tourism is a neo-colonial activity. Methodology For this paper, primary research was initially considered as a method, but was dismissed because of the difficulty of access to potential participants. Much of the focus of tourism as neo-colonialism has to be on developing countries, which immediately makes data collection more difficult. Also, in light of potential conflicts of interest between workers within tourism industries in these developing countries and those that employ them makes primary research not viable for this specific topic. Therefore, secondary research is the most logical design for this paper. This also follows on from the findings of the literature review, which identified a number of gaps in the research as well as areas of research that can be examined in greater detail using various theoretical frameworks. This methodology section will outline the various secondary research methods that will be used, how these fit in with the literature review findings and what they can bring to the discussion on the prevalence of tourism as a neo-colonial activity. The first important thing to remember is to avoid misreading the extent of neo-colonialism by being stuck within the perspective of neo-colonialism as the entire framework for the research. The study must not merely be conducted from the viewpoint of the First World, and must look at how both roots of decision-making within tourism and outcomes are perceived from the perspective of developing countries. We must also look at the way in which those tourists from developing countries flow into other developing countries and developed countries, as this will help us to understand the bigger picture when it comes to tourism and its activities. In order to avoid making snap judgements about the nature of tourism, the scope of analysis needs to be broadened and a multi-perspective approach adopted. This is of course challenging, and it is difficult to avoid Western-centric thinking at times. However, it is only by using this method that the true motivations for tourism activity around the w orld can be understood. As Ateljevic, Pritchard and Morgan (2007:24-26) explain, this is known as de-centrising the tourism universe. This is important as a methodological basis for the further research, because the literature review identifies the fact that many sources focus only on the problem from a Western perspective, particularly when espousing the problems of neo-colonialism. For example, many of the definitions or examples of neo-colonialism focus on the way in which Western countries such as the US took advantage of countries such as Cuba as their playground, and that this was detrimental to the country. This does not take into account the perspective of Cuba, and also the other political aspects that led to negative outcomes in the region reasons that are far wider than merely the Western influence on the tourism industry (Jafari, 2003:122). However, taking a broader approach does not mean ignoring specific case studies and examples that could shed light on the nature of tourism in developing countries, particularly as it stands now. Whilst it should be left to those in these countries to decide what aspects of their culture are authentic or changeable, it can clearly be seen in areas such as the Caribbean that, economically at least, tourism is still dominated by the predominantly white and Western corporate influence. For example, most hotel managers in the region are still expatriates, with only lower positions being held by locals. This may not be a deliberate example of neo-colonialism as it may genuinely be that this is the best way to make the business successful. However, it is surely an area that needs exploring and greater understanding given to how these unequal structures arise and if they are indeed only a small problem or part of a larger problem of Western dominance over these industries (Bennett, 2005:15 -17). This is why case study methodology is important in this paper. There are many existing case studies already evident, but as mentioned many of them do not take forward this multi-perspective approach to understand the decision-making within tourism and how this reduces or increases potential inequalities, and whether or not these inequalities are directly part of neo-colonial practice or for other reasons. Tourism is a process, which unless there is an obviously dominant hegemony at work, requires a look at the complex flow of global ideas, people and capital. As global trends change, so case studies must look at the current situation and not merely stick to preconceived notions of inequality (Salazar, in Richards and Munsters, 2010:188). The case study approach can be an initial entry into understanding some specific examples of tourism activity in various countries, and then different trends or patterns can be identified in order to start forming a more general and overall understanding of the pervasiveness of neo-colonialism within tourism. The case study is useful here as well because it is less important to understand the outcomes of decision-making, because these can be negative or positive no matter the influence. Instead, it is important, through a multi-perspective approach, to understand the root decision-making within tourism around the world, and this will determine whether tourism is merely serving a neo-colonial agenda or whether it is actually a complex global process that is influenced by foreign and local actors in different ways, leading to different outcomes in different areas rather a definite neo-colonial dominance (Beeton, in Ritchie, Burns and Palmer, 2005:37-40). There are many good examples of potential case studies that can be analysed and used to build up this wider picture that do not necessarily just fit into the traditional model of viewing a tourist area from the position of Western dominance and developing world dependency. For example, Wearing and McDonald (2002:191) look at the role that intermediaries play in isolated rural communities in Papua New Guinea. This is not focusing on the outcomes of tourism, but looking at how different groups interact, and that it is possible through intermediaries for the tourist to be an equal part of a system rather than at its centre. This would suggest the potential for a power shift away from neo-colonialism, even if inequalities and certain negative outcomes may continue and wider issues of economic neo-colonialism continue. This means that tourism does not have to be specifically neo-colonial in nature, even if other inequalities persist for now. Another good example is a study by Hasty (2002:47) that looks at tourism across Africa and the promotion of Pan-Africanism. This study focuses on tourism in Ghana that is controlled by those within the country and developed to promote more unity within Africa. The problem here is that various different agendas mean that tourist events to promote Pan-Africanism remove discussion of potential differences and contradictions. In this sense it is not merely a problem of neo-colonialism, but wider concerns between a variety of actors and the careful balancing act between culture, politics and economic interests. Finally, for tourism as neo-colonial activity and its extent to be understood, current research should be understood in light of the global post-colonial landscape. This fits in with the multi-perspective approach previously mentioned, as it goes beyond the initial attempts to correct neo-colonialism that themselves could lead to colonial inequalities. For example, appealing to sustainable tourism as a means to combat neo-colonialism could exacerbate the problem because the agenda and demands for sustainability would be set by the developed countries once again, and did not necessarily take into account the needs to the destination regions. The post-colonial framework goes beyond this to look at the situation from all perspectives rather than the previous ideal of trying to solve the inequalities created from neo-colonialism and colonialism before this (Carrigan, 2010:202-203). For example, if we look at the case of tourism in the West Indies in a post-colonial sense, we can see many of the previous inequalities that may have been associated with neo-colonialism. These inequalities could be viewed as part of neo-colonialism if viewed from one perspective or not adequately analysed. Rich West Indian minority elites have taken charge of some parts of the tourism industry, and are exhibiting similar dominance and influence to previous neo-colonial influence. However, as the inequalities in this sense shift and neo-colonialism becomes less of an issue, the negative effects on many of the local population remain. Further, these new leaders within the market can move into the international market, and therefore a greater interactive phase of tourism begins where flows of money and influence come from developing countries as well as to developing countries (Laws, Faulkner and Moscado, 1998:231-232). It is also likely that the definition of neo-colonialism will need to alter as globalisation continues and companies become more global in their outreach and ideals. Multinationals may then be as entwined in the destination region as their previous region of origin, or the multinational may indeed originate in the destination region. This alters how these companies are able to influence tourism, and also how they positively or negatively influence tourism. What was previously a one-way relationship will develop into a complex dialogue between consumers, employees, companies and both local and national governments to determine how tourism develops and where its interests lie (Page and Connell, 2006:467). It may be that neo-colonialism only exists in its most extreme form in specific types of tourism that are already of an exploitative nature, such as sex tourism. These forms of tourism are unequal because of the very nature of the activity, but these forms of tourism are slowly being removed and reduced in the post-colonial world as all actors within the tourist industry begin to deem them unacceptable. However, it is hard to completely remove these problems due to greater issues of economic inequality outside of the tourist industry (Bauer and Holowinska, 2009:6). Overall, the approach to the research needs to be multi-perspective, focused on a wide variety of case studies in order to build up a picture of the current status of tourism. Most importantly, it needs to be set within the post-colonial context and the questions to be answered determined by the subjects rather than the researcher. This will give a view of tourism as neo-colonialism that is not already mired in neo-colonialist thought (Belsky, in Phillimore and Goodson, 2004:286). The discussion section of the dissertation will use these methods to analyse the topic, and then the following conclusion section will summarise these findings and further recommendations for research. Conclusion In conclusion, the main findings in this paper are: There is still a clear economic imbalance between the First World and Third World, which is caused by a variety of factors including First World hegemony and the effects of colonialism and neo-colonialism. The Western, developed nations still dominate the tourist market, mainly due to their economic superiority. Cultural changes are less of an issue than they were during the colonial era, but economic dominance can still undermine destination cultures. Developing countries still need the money in the form of investment to build up tourist markets, and this allows Western countries to dictate terms, including the flow of money back to developed countries through multinational companies and the use of expatriate staff over local staff. This is not simply a matter for tourism however, and is a problem in almost all economic sectors. In tourism the problem is no worse, and in fact in many ways it is more of a closed system. The benefits of tourism often go to Western countries, but in general these are the countries that fuel demand. Sometimes this neo-colonialism shows itself within the tourist industry, leading to inequalities and negative outcomes for developing countries. Not all negative outcomes within tourism are due to neo-colonialist factors, and not all neo-colonialist factors within tourism lead to negative outcomes, particularly when looked upon from national, local and personal levels. Tourism as neo-colonialism does keep developing countries dependent on developed countries, particularly if tourism is a large part of their GDP. However, not all factors should be considered negative, because it is not just tourism that keeps developing countries dependent on developed countries. Overall economic and political inequalities also contribute, as do internal problems within developing countries such as poor management, lack of resources, wars and political instabilities. Tourism, even when dominated by foreign companies, does provide much-needed jobs that may not otherwise be available, and can help to maintain political stability in countries because of the needed revenues from tourism. Also, not all tourism that is locally influenced is positive. It can still be exploitative between different regions or ethnic groups, and can do as much damage to culture and the environment as neo-colonial tourism. Much of the research is too focused on outcomes and the potential ways to solve neo-colonialist problems within tourism. Outcomes are not the main focus here. The focus should be on the initial decision-making process, because this is where influence and inequalities are most keenly felt. Currently, the research that condemns neo-colonialism only further imbeds it because it is too Western-centric and does not understand the differences between what might reverse foreign influence and what is actually wanted and accepted by the destination countries. Instead, a post-colonial, multi-perspective approach shows that whilst neo-colonialism in tourism still persists, global flows of money and information are changing, and with it so is tourism. The world has changed in the last fifteen years or more with the rapid development of technology and the internet. This has globalised society to some extent and has allowed information flows to go in different directions for the first time. For instance, the Chinese are a growing influence on world tourism, both in terms of China as a destination and its growing wealthy class as tourists travelling around the world. These sorts of developments therefore need to be looked at from different perspectives, and not just from the previously established perspective of tourism as a neo-colonialist activity. Whilst economic inequalities allow developed-country dominance to continue, this does not mean that tourism flows are not altering or that First-World businesses that are involved in other countries are unwelcome or having a negative impact. Tourism, whilst still showing the inequalities within the rest of society, is slowing beginning to move away from neo-colonial practices. Global inequalities will continue, but tourism is seeing some change. As citizens from developed countries become more aware of other cultures their demands for tourism change. Also, as developing countries continue to change and develop and their cultures alter, their own capabilities and needs change. The flow of money and information is no longer one-way, and this means that not only will developing countries have a say in their own tourism markets, but they will become the future patrons of other tourist markets in both developed and developing countries. This will all move tourism further away from being a solely neo-colonial practice. In relation to conclusion 3, further research should move away from outcomes-based examinations of the tourist industry when looking at influences on tourism, and instead focus on decision-based analyses. It is in the area of decision-making that influence and inequalities most likely come out. If negative or positive outcomes arise from these decisions is certainly important, but if the decision is not heavily influenced by multinational corporations under the guise of neo-colonialism, then regardless of the outcomes these tourist activities cannot be said to be neo-colonialist. Furthermore, analyses that focus on the roots of decision-making will give a better understanding of how tourist industries develop and change over time in the modern global society. Based upon conclusion 4, further research should move away from the neo-colonial base as the start for analysis. Globalisation and the rise of larger developing countries such as China have created a truly post-colonial landscape where traditional measures of colonialism and neo-colonialism are less useful. Whilst rich-poor and 1st/3rd world inequalities still predominate, flows of tourism, influence and money are changing and becoming more complex. Merely trying to solve the previous neo-colonialist bias of tourism is not enough, because any analysis that starts on this basis will not take into account the status of the modern global society and the inevitable cultural changes in developing countries. It is important to conduct research from many perspectives, rather than the futile effort of trying to solve neo-colonialism by starting from a Western-centric perspective that is decidedly neo-colonialist in nature because it does not take into account the actual views and needs of th ose who supposedly need saving from the dominance of Western society. We should not assume that they need saving, or that indeed if they do that we can be the ones to bring about this salvation. Finally, based on conclusion 5, it is important for further research to conduct more in-depth studies of the global tourist market, and the flows of culture, influence and money that occur. Taking one country at a time is a good start to understand the basics of these flows, but it requires a global study, looking at the ways in which different actors interact with each other, in order to truly understand how the power balance currently sits and where it is likely to move towards in the coming decades.